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  • Navio Negreiro – tragédia no mar

    Castro Alves April 18th, 1868

    I

    ‘Stamos em pleno mar… Doudo no espaço
    Brinca o luar — dourada borboleta;
    E as vagas após ele correm…
    cansam Como turba de infantes inquieta.

    ‘Stamos em pleno mar… Do firmamento
    Os astros saltam como espumas de ouro…
    O mar em troca acende as ardentias,
    — Constelações do líquido tesouro…

    ‘Stamos em pleno mar… Dois infinitos
    Ali se estreitam num abraço insano,
    Azuis, dourados, plácidos, sublimes…
    Qual dos dous é o céu? qual o oceano?…

    ‘Stamos em pleno mar. . . Abrindo as velas
    Ao quente arfar das virações marinhas,
    Veleiro brigue corre à flor dos mares,
    Como roçam na vaga as andorinhas…

    Donde vem? onde vai? Das naus errantes
    Quem sabe o rumo se é tão grande o espaço?
    Neste saara os corcéis o pó levantam,
    Galopam, voam, mas não deixam traço.

    Bem feliz quem ali pode nest’hora
    Sentir deste painel a majestade!
    Embaixo — o mar em cima — o firmamento…
    E no mar e no céu — a imensidade!

    Oh! que doce harmonia traz-me a brisa!
    Que música suave ao longe soa!
    Meu Deus! como é sublime um canto ardente

    Pelas vagas sem fim boiando à toa!
    Homens do mar! ó rudes marinheiros,
    Tostados pelo sol dos quatro mundos!
    Crianças que a procela acalentara
    No berço destes pélagos profundos!

    Esperai! esperai! deixai que eu beba
    Esta selvagem, livre poesia
    Orquestra — é o mar, que ruge pela proa,
    E o vento, que nas cordas assobia…

    Por que foges assim, barco ligeiro?
    Por que foges do pávido poeta?
    Oh! quem me dera acompanhar-te a esteira
    Que semelha no mar — doudo cometa!

    Albatroz! Albatroz! águia do oceano,
    Tu que dormes das nuvens entre as gazas,
    Sacode as penas, Leviathan do espaço,
    Albatroz! Albatroz! dá-me estas asas.

    II

    Que importa do nauta o berço,
    Donde é filho, qual seu lar?
    Ama a cadência do verso
    Que lhe ensina o velho mar!
    Cantai! que a morte é divina!
    Resvala o brigue à bolina
    Como golfinho veloz.
    Presa ao mastro da mezena
    Saudosa bandeira acena
    As vagas que deixa após.

    Do Espanhol as cantilenas
    Requebradas de langor,
    Lembram as moças morenas,
    As andaluzas em flor!

    Da Itália o filho indolente
    Canta Veneza dormente,
    — Terra de amor e traição,
    Ou do golfo no regaço
    Relembra os versos de Tasso,
    Junto às lavas do vulcão!

    O Inglês — marinheiro frio,
    Que ao nascer no mar se achou,
    (Porque a Inglaterra é um navio,
    Que Deus na Mancha ancorou),
    Rijo entoa pátrias glórias,
    Lembrando, orgulhoso, histórias
    De Nelson e de Aboukir.. .
    O Francês — predestinado —

    Canta os louros do passado
    E os loureiros do porvir!
    Os marinheiros Helenos,
    Que a vaga jônia criou,
    Belos piratas morenos
    Do mar que Ulisses cortou,
    Homens que Fídias talhara,
    Vão cantando em noite clara
    Versos que Homero gemeu …
    Nautas de todas as plagas,
    Vós sabeis achar nas vagas
    As melodias do céu! …

    III

    Desce do espaço imenso, ó águia do oceano!
    Desce mais … inda mais… não pode olhar humano
    Como o teu mergulhar no brigue voador!
    Mas que vejo eu aí… Que quadro d’amarguras!
    É canto funeral! … Que tétricas figuras! …
    Que cena infame e vil… Meu Deus! Meu Deus! Que horror!

    IV

    Era um sonho dantesco… o tombadilho
    Que das luzernas avermelha o brilho.
    Em sangue a se banhar.
    Tinir de ferros… estalar de açoite…
    Legiões de homens negros como a noite,
    Horrendos a dançar…

    Negras mulheres, suspendendo às tetas
    Magras crianças, cujas bocas pretas
    Rega o sangue das mães:
    Outras moças, mas nuas e espantadas,
    No turbilhão de espectros arrastadas,
    Em ânsia e mágoa vãs!

    E ri-se a orquestra irônica, estridente…
    E da ronda fantástica a serpente
    Faz doudas espirais …
    Se o velho arqueja, se no chão resvala,
    Ouvem-se gritos… o chicote estala.
    E voam mais e mais…

    Presa nos elos de uma só cadeia,
    A multidão faminta cambaleia,
    E chora e dança ali!
    Um de raiva delira, outro enlouquece,
    Outro, que martírios embrutece, Cantando, geme e ri!

    No entanto o capitão manda a manobra,
    E após fitando o céu que se desdobra,
    Tão puro sobre o mar,
    Diz do fumo entre os densos nevoeiros:
    “Vibrai rijo o chicote, marinheiros!
    Fazei-os mais dançar!…”

    E ri-se a orquestra irônica, estridente. . .
    E da ronda fantástica a serpente
    Faz doudas espirais…
    Qual um sonho dantesco as sombras voam!…
    Gritos, ais, maldições, preces ressoam!
    E ri-se Satanás!…

    V

    Senhor Deus dos desgraçados!
    Dizei-me vós, Senhor Deus!
    Se é loucura… se é verdade
    Tanto horror perante os céus?!
    Ó mar, por que não apagas
    Co’a esponja de tuas vagas
    De teu manto este borrão?…
    Astros! noites! tempestades!
    Rolai das imensidades!
    Varrei os mares, tufão!

    Quem são estes desgraçados
    Que não encontram em vós
    Mais que o rir calmo da turba
    Que excita a fúria do algoz?
    Quem são? Se a estrela se cala,
    Se a vaga à pressa resvala
    Como um cúmplice fugaz,
    Perante a noite confusa…
    Dize-o tu, severa Musa,
    Musa libérrima, audaz!…

    São os filhos do deserto,
    Onde a terra esposa a luz.
    Onde vive em campo aberto
    A tribo dos homens nus…
    São os guerreiros ousados
    Que com os tigres mosqueados
    Combatem na solidão.

    Ontem simples, fortes, bravos.
    Hoje míseros escravos,
    Sem luz, sem ar, sem razão. . .

    São mulheres desgraçadas,
    Como Agar o foi também.
    Que sedentas, alquebradas,
    De longe… bem longe vêm…
    Trazendo com tíbios passos,
    Filhos e algemas nos braços,

    N’alma — lágrimas e fel…
    Como Agar sofrendo tanto,
    Que nem o leite de pranto
    Têm que dar para Ismael.

    Lá nas areias infindas,
    Das palmeiras no país,
    Nasceram crianças lindas,
    Viveram moças gentis…
    Passa um dia a caravana,
    Quando a virgem na cabana
    Cisma da noite nos véus …
    … Adeus, ó choça do monte,
    … Adeus, palmeiras da fonte!…
    Adeus, amores… adeus!…

    Depois, o areal extenso…
    Depois, o oceano de pó.
    Depois no horizonte imenso
    Desertos… desertos só…

    E a fome, o cansaço, a sede…
    Ai! quanto infeliz que cede,
    E cai p’ra não mais s’erguer!…
    Vaga um lugar na cadeia,
    Mas o chacal sobre a areia
    Acha um corpo que roer.

    Ontem a Serra Leoa,
    A guerra, a caça ao leão,
    O sono dormido à toa
    Sob as tendas d’amplidão!
    Hoje… o porão negro, fundo,
    Infecto, apertado, imundo,
    Tendo a peste por jaguar…
    E o sono sempre cortado
    Pelo arranco de um finado,
    E o baque de um corpo ao mar…

    Ontem plena liberdade,
    A vontade por poder…
    Hoje… cúm’lo de maldade,
    Nem são livres p’ra morrer…
    Prende-os a mesma corrente —
    Férrea, lúgubre serpente —
    Nas roscas da escravidão.
    E assim zombando da morte,
    Dança a lúgubre coorte
    Ao som do açoute… Irrisão!…

    Senhor Deus dos desgraçados!
    Dizei-me vós, Senhor Deus,
    Se eu deliro… ou se é verdade
    Tanto horror perante os céus?!…
    Ó mar, por que não apagas
    Co’a esponja de tuas vagas
    Do teu manto este borrão?
    Astros! noites! tempestades!
    Rolai das imensidades!
    Varrei os mares, tufão! …

    VI

    Existe um povo que a bandeira empresta
    P’ra cobrir tanta infâmia e cobardia!…
    E deixa-a transformar-se nessa festa
    Em manto impuro de bacante fria!…
    Meu Deus! meu Deus! mas que bandeira é esta,
    Que impudente na gávea tripudia?
    Silêncio. Musa… chora, e chora tanto
    Que o pavilhão se lave no teu pranto! …

    Auriverde pendão de minha terra,
    Que a brisa do Brasil beija e balança,
    Estandarte que a luz do sol encerra
    E as promessas divinas da esperança…
    Tu que, da liberdade após a guerra,
    Foste hasteado dos heróis na lança
    Antes te houvessem roto na batalha,
    Que servires a um povo de mortalha!…

    Fatalidade atroz que a mente esmaga!
    Extingue nesta hora o brigue imundo
    O trilho que Colombo abriu nas vagas,
    Como um íris no pélago profundo!
    Mas é infâmia demais! …
    Da etérea plaga
    Levantai-vos, heróis do Novo Mundo!
    Andrada! arranca esse pendão dos ares!
    Colombo! fecha a porta dos teus mares!

    Translation to English:

    The Slave Ship
    (Tragedy in the Sea)


    We are on the high seas… Mad in space 
    The moonlight plays — golden butterfly; 
    And the waves run after it. . . tire 
    Like a band of troubled infants. 
    We are on the high seas… From the firmament 
    The stars leap like spray of gold. . . 
    The sea in turn lights phosphorescence, 
    — Constellations of liquid treasure… 
     

    We are on the high seas… Two infinites 
    Strain there in a mad embrace 
    Blue, golden, placid, sublime.. 
    Which of the two is ocean? Which sky?… 
     

    We are on the high seas.. . Opening the sails, 
    To the warm breath of the marine breezes, 
    Sailed brig run on the crests of the seas, 
    As the swallows brush in the wave… 
     

    Whence do you come? Wither do you go? Of the erring ships 
    Who knows the course if the space is so great? 
    On this Sahara the coursers raise dust, 
    Gallop, soar, but leave no trace. 
     

    Happy he who can, there, at fhis hour, 
    Feel this panel’s magesty!.. . 
    Below — the sea… above — the firmament! … 
    And in the sea and in the sky — the immensity! 
     

    Oh! what sweet harmony the breeze brings me! 
    What soft music sounds far off! 
    My God! how sublime an ardent song is 
    Floating at random on the endless waves! 
     

    Men of the sea! Oh rude mariners, 
    Toasfed by the sun of the four worlds! 
    Children whom the tempests warmed 
    In the cradle of these profound abysses!
     

    Wait! … wait! … let me drink 
    This savage, free poetry.. . 
    Orchestra — is the sea, which roars by the prow 
    And the wind, which whistles in the ropes. 
     

    Why do you flee thus, swift barque? 
    Why do you flee the fearless poet? 
    Would that I could accompany the furrow 
    You sow in the sea — mad comet! 
     

    Albatroz! Albatroz! Eagle of the ocean, 
    You who sleep in the gauze of the clouds, 
    Shake your feathers, leviathan of space 
    Albatroz! Albatroz! give me those wings. 
     

    II
    What does the sailor’s cradle matter, 
    Or where he is the son, where his home? 
    He loves the cadence of the verse 
    Which is faught him by the old sea! 
    Sing! Death is divine! 
    The brig slips on the bowline — Like a swift dolphin. 
    Fast to the mizzen mast 
    The nostalgic flag points 
    To the waves it leaves behind. 
    From the Spanish, chants 
    Broken with languor, 
    They recall the dusky maidens 
    The Andalusians in flower! 
    From Italy the indolent son 
    Sings of sleeping Venice, 
    — Land of love and treachery, 
    Or from the gulf in its lap 
    Recalls the verses of Tasso 
    Close to the lava of the volcano. 
     

    The Englishman — cold mariner 
    Who from birth found himself at sea 
    (Because England is a ship, 
    Which God anchored in the Channel), 
    Stern, he intoans his countryls glories 
    Remembering, proudly, histories 
    Of Nelson and of Aboukir. 
    The Frenchman — predestined — 
    Sings of the triumphs of the past 
    And the laurels to come! 
     

    The Hellenic sailors, 
    Whom Ionian space created, 
    Beautiful dark pirates 
    From the sea that Ulysses cut, 
    Men that Phydias seulped, 
    Are singing in the clear night 
    Verses that Homer moaned… 
    Sailors from all lands, 
    Know how to find in the waves 
    The melodies of the skies!. . . 
     

    III 
    Descend from the immense space, oh eagle of the ocean, 
    Descend more… even more.. . human glance cannot 
    Like yours plunge into the flying brig! 
    But what is it I see there… What picture of bitterness 
    It’s funeral song! … What tetric figures! … 
    What an infamous vile scene!… My God! my God! What horror! 
     

    IV 
    It was a dantesque dream.. . the deck 
    Great lights redenning its brilliance, 
    Bathing it in blood. 
    Clang of irons. .. snap of whip … 
    Legions of men black as the night 
    Horrible dancing… 
     

    Black women, holding to their breasts 
    Scrawny infants whose black mouths 
    Are watered by the blood of their mothers: 
    Others, young, but nude and frightened, 
    In the whirlwind of specters drawn 
    From anxiety and vane resentment! 
     

    And the orchestra laughs, ironic, strident… 
    And from the fantastic circle a serpent 
    Spirals madly… 
    If the old man cringes, slips to the ground, 
    You hear shouts… the whip cracks. 
    And they fligh more and more. 
     

    Prisoned in the bars of a single jail 
    The famished multitude shudders, 
    Aud weeps and dances! 
    One is delirious from rabies, another is going mad, 
    Another, bruttish from martyrdom 
    Sings, groans, and laughs! 
     

    Meantime the captain commands the maneuver 
    And after gazing at the sky which unfolds 
    So pure over the sea, 
    Cries out of the gloom of dense obscurity, 
    “Shake out the whip, mariners! 
    Make them dance, more!…” 
     

    And the orchestra laughs ironic, strident… 
    And from the fantastic circle a serpent 
    Spirals madly… 
    Like a Dante-esque dream the shadows fly! 
    Shouts, ahs, curses, embodied prayers! 
    And Satan laughs! … 

     

    V 
    Lord God of the unfortunate! 
    Tell me Lord God! 
    If if is madness… or truth 
    So much horror under the skies?!… 
    Oh sea why do you not erase 
    With the sponge of the waves, 
    Your mantle, this blot?… 
    Stars! Nights! Tempests! 
    Roll down from the immensity! 
    Sweep the seas, typhoon! 
     

    Who are these unfortunates 
    Who do not find in you, 
    More than the calm laughter of the band 
    Which excitcs the torturers to fury? 
    Who are they? If the star hushes, 
    If the oppressive space slides by 
    Like a furtive accomplice, 
    Before the confused night 
    Say it severe Muse 
    Free, audacious Muse! … 
     

    They are the sons of the desert, 
    Where the land espouses the light 
    Where in the open spaces lives 
    A tribe of nude men. . . 
    They are daring warriors 
    Who with the, spotted tigers 
    Combat in the solitude. 
    Yesterday simple, strong, brave… 
    Today miserable slaves, 
    Lacking air, light, reason. 

    They are disgraced women 
    Like Agar was also, 
    Who thirsty, weakened, 
    Come from far far off… 
    Bringiiig with tepid steps, 
    Children and irons on their arms, 
    In their souls — tears and gaul. . . 
    Like Agar suffering so much 
    That not even the milk of lament 
    Have they to give Ismael. 
     

    Off there on the limitless sands, 
    From the palms of the country, 
    They were born — beautiful children, 
    They lived — gentle maidens.. . 
    A caravan goes by one day 
    When the virgin in the cabin 
    Apprehensive from the veils of night 
    … Good-bye mountain hut, 
    … Good-bye palms of the fountain! 
    … Good-bye, loves… good-bye! 
     

    Afterwards, the extensive sands 
    Afterwards, the ocean of dust. 
    Afterwards, on the immense horizon 
    Deserts… deserts only… 
    And hunger, the tiredness, the thirst… 
    Oh how many unfortunates give up, 
    And fail to rise no more! … 
    A place in the chain vacates, 
    But the jackal on the sand 
    Finds a body to gnaw. 
     

    Yesterday Sierra Leôa, 
    The war, the chase, the lion, 
    Sleep slept carelessly 
    Under the tents of amplitude! 
    Today the dark, deep hole 
    Infected, cramped, loathsome 
    Having the plague for a jaguar… 
    And sleep always broken 
    By death rattles 
    And the thud of corpses into the sea. . . 

     

    Yesterday full liberty, 
    Will for power… 
    Today… the peek of malice 
    They are not even free to die… 
    The same chain binds them 
    — Lugubrious iron snake — 
    In the threads of slavery. 
    And so humming of death, 
    The lugubrious cohort dances 
    To the sound of the lash … Humiliation!. . . 
     

    Lord God of the unfortunate! 
    Tell me, Lord God, 
    Am I delirious… or is it truth 
    So much horror under the skies?! … 
    Oh sea, why don’t you crase 
    With the sponge of the waves, 
    Your mantle, this blot? 
    Stars! nights! tempests! 
    Roll down from the immensity 
    Sweep the seas, typhoon! 

    VI 
    A people exists that lends its flag 
    To cover so much infamy and cowardice!. 
    Transforming it in that feast 
    Into the impure mantle of a cold bacchante! … 
    My God! my God! but what flag is this, 
    That impudent floats from the truck? 
    Silence, muse… weep, weep so much 
    That the standard may be washed, by your grief! … 

    Green-gold pendant of my land, 
    That the breeze of Brazil caresses and unfurls 
    Standard that in the light of the sun encloses 
    Promises of divine hope… 
    You, who in the liberty after war, 
    Were hoisted by heroes on the lance, 
    Rather that you had been torn in battle 
    Than serve a people as a shrowd! … 

    Atrocious fatality which overwhelms the mind 
    Extinguish this hour loathsome brig 
    The furrow that Columbus opened in the waves, 
    Like an iris in the depth of the seas! 
    But this is too much infamy! … From the ethereal regions 
    Rise, heroes of the New World! 
    Andrada! Rip that pendant from the air! 
    Columbus! Close the portals of your seas!



    A digital copy of the original can be seen at:http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/download/texto/bv000068.pdf

    Language: Brazilian Portuguese
    Genre: Poetry

    Translation by David Barnhart.

    July 8, 2023
    Alves Castro

  • Letter to the Governor of Piauí State

    Esperança Garcia 1770

    Eu sou uma escrava de Vossa Senhoria da administração do Capitão Antônio Vieira do Couto, casada. Desde que o capitão lá foi administrar que me tirou da fazenda algodões, onde vivia com o meu marido, para ser cozinheira da sua casa, onde nela passo muito mal. A primeira é que há grandes trovoadas de pancadas em um filho meu sendo uma criança que lhe fez extrair sangue pela boca, em mim não posso explicar que sou um colchão de pancadas, tanto que caí uma vez do sobrado abaixo peiada; por misericórdia de Deus escapei. A segunda estou eu e mais minhas parceiras por confessar há três anos. E uma criança minha e duas mais por batizar. Peço a Vossa Senhoria pelo amor de Deus ponha aos olhos em mim ordenando digo mandar ao procurador que mande para a fazenda de onde me tirou para eu viver com meu marido e batizar minha filha.

    De Vossa Senhoria sua escrava Esperança Garcia.

    Translation:

    I am a slave of your lordship in the administration of Captain Antonio Vieira do Couto. I am married. Since the Captain went there to be the administrator, he took me from the Cotton Farm, where I had lived with my husband, and made me be a cook in his house, where I suffer a lot. The first thing is that there are great storms of beatings on a son of mine, and since he’s a child, they cause blood to come out from his mouth. Regarding myself, I can’t explain, but I’m a mattress made to be spanked, so much so that I once fell down the stairs, beaten, but by the mercy of God I survived. The second one is that I and my partners have not confessed for three years. And one child of mine and two others have yet to be baptized. I beg Your Honor, for the love of God, to look upon me and order, I mean, command the attorney to send me to the farm where he took me from so that I can live with my husband and baptize my daughter.

    Your servant, Esperança Garcia.


    http://www.letras.ufmg.br/literafro/artigos/artigos-teorico-criticos/1585-elio-ferreira-de-souza-the-letter-of-the-slave-esperanca-garcia-written-by-herself-and-the-formation-of-the-african-brazilian-literary-canon

    A digital copy of the original can be seen at:
    http://www.letras.ufmg.br/literafro/artigos/artigos-teorico-criticos/1585-elio-ferreira-de-souza-the-letter-of-the-slave-esperanca-garcia-written-by-herself-and-the-formation-of-the-african-brazilian-literary-canon
    Genre: Epistolary
    Language : Brazilian Portuguese

    Translation by Adrian Clarindo

    July 7, 2023
    Garcia Esperança

  • Letter to the Gazette of the United States

    Africanus Mar. 6, 1790

    MR. FENNO,

    RUSTICUS in his third letter tells us, that he “was compelled to travel over large philosophical and historical grounds, to find the place of the wool hairy negro in the order of nature,” and concludes, that as the ox is born to till his ground, so is the negro born to be the slave of other nations. “Most lame and impotent conclusion” ─ even could our philosopher prove that the sheep hairy African is an inferior animal to the long haired European (which I hope I have shewn to be a false as well an ungenerous idea) still how absurd is the notion, that nature should form an animal, endue him with reasoning powers, and place him in a clime congenial to his frame ; only that he should be torn away from that climate to serve another animal differing from him only in the colour of his skin and length of his hair. Our philosopher tells us, that amongst animated beings, the weakest is ruled by the strongest. This we are to suppose is a law of nature─ a law for man ─ that whoever is stronger than his neighbor, may seize him, and fell or force him to till his ground, or whoever is wiser than another, may over reach and despoil him of property─ What becomes of the generous principle which teaches the strong to protect the weak? No, this is not the nature of man─ the savage does not so─ ‘tis the civilized European that takes advantage of the superiority, civilization gives him over the untutored African, and robs him of his liberty to indulge himself in luxury─ ‘Tis the civilized European that corrupts the African, and prompts him like the white to betray his brother─ and such philosophers as Rusticus, would persuade the European that he is right. ─Neither is the sheep hairy African inferior in strength of body or mind to the European,. Civilization is all that gives the boasted superiority, and according to out philosopher’s principle, the most powerful nation has a natural right to seize on the property and persons of the weaker. So not only the sheep on the property and persons of the weaker. So not only the sheep hairy negro is born for slavery, but the horse hairy native of America or in short, people of black, brown or read hair, if another people have force or cunning to subdue them. Most admirable philosophy ! After all his pains and trouble to convince the world that from our inferior nature, we black, sheep hairy negroes are marked out for slaves. ─ Rusticus concludes that it is impolitic to keep us so. ─ Then why endeavor to lower us in the eyes of our white brethren? Are we not already sufficiently despised? When my daily work is done, and I put on my Sundays cloathes to fit myself for the converse of those unphilosophic men who patronize me ; as I pass through the street how often do I hear─ Kye! Massa Mungo! You tinka you buckra ; while another curses the damn’d proud negro! These are the sentiments which the pen of a philosopher is labouring to encourage. ─If pride must be the consequence of human wisdom, may I still remain in simplicity of heart, a plain, unphilosophic, black, sheep hairy, free citizen of America.


    Africanus (March 06, 1790) Letter in the Gazette of the United States. No. XCIV, p. 376

    Original printing at:
    https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030483/1790-03-06/ed-1/seq-4/
    Genre: Epistolary
    Language : English

    July 7, 2023
    Africanus

  • Letter to the Gazette of the United States

    Africanus Mar. 3, 1790

    MR. FENNO,

    I AM a sheep-hairy negro, the son of an African man and woman ; by a train of fortunate events I was let free, when very young, and by the interposition of the most generous of mankind, I have received a common English school education, and have been instructed in the Christian religion─ I am master of a trade whereby I get a comfortable living : My leisure time I employ in reading, it is my delight, and I am encouraged by several spirited, noble and generous American freeman, who are pleased to praise me for employing my time so much more rationally (as they say) than most of the white men who are in the same station of life that I am : And do not consider me as the link in the creation by which the monkey hangs to the gentleman. I esteem it among the blessings of my situation, that by my industry as a tradesman, I am enabled to purchase your interesting publication, and by my assiduity as a student I am enabled to read it with profit : But I fear all my application has not made me equal to the task I have undertaken, of penning a letter, which shall appear to you worthy of a place in you next number ; the arduous task of appearing as an opponent of the philosophic Rusticus. ─

    Had this philosopher advanced any thing new I should not dare to step forward; but to his present hackney’d theme, I shall oppose the arguments of such as have written against the idea of out inferior nature, particularly Mr. Clarkson :
    The philosopher’s chain is a rusty affair ; I shall take little notice of his bulls and wild ducks ─ I would willingly come to the point : Rusticus goes upon the principle which Lord Kaims labored very hard to establish, that the variety of colour, features, &c. in the human species, proved them to be derived from various stocks, and not as the old fashioned erroneous, scriptures assert, all the descendants of Adam. His next is the principle of links─ in which if I mistake not his idea─ he and his brethren of European extraction, stand or hang inferior to none but angels─ to them follow the other nations of the earth. ─As, effeminate Asiatics─ long haired savages of America─ sheep-hairy Africans─ Africans with wolfes muzzles─ and next I suppose the various kinds of the monkey, &c. &c. ─Now if I can prove by the assistance aforementioned, that the first is a false principle, and that Europeans, Asiatics, Americans and Africans are all the descendants of Noah─ The second principle will fall of course, at least so far, that because I have a black skin (tho by the by my skin is already whiter than my father’s was) flat nosem thick lips and sheep-hair, I shall not be hook’d on at the lower end of the chain of human beings.
    It is really amusing, not to say laughable, to see with what eagerness Lord Kaims pursues his favorite discriminating plan : I will instance one of his proofs that there are different species of men by nature totally distinct from each other. “ The Giagas” says this great critic “a fierce and wandering nation in the heart of Africa” (only notice what a fruitful and convenient soil Africa is for monsters) “are in effect land pirates at wat with all the world. They indulge in polygamy, but bury all their children the moment of birth, and chuse in their stead the most promising children taken in war. There is no principle among animals more prevalent than affection to their offspring : Supposing the Giagas to be born without hands or feet, would they be more distinguishable from the rest of mankind?” ─So blindly did the Author of the elements of criticism pursue his favorite system, that he never considered that if the Giagas destroyed all their children, and adopted the children o various strange nations, of course this distinct species of men were extinct after the first generation, and all the various nations that they incorporated with themselves, were precisely of the same extraordinary, distinct and monstrous nature. ─ So idle are the speculations of the wisest men when they wander from the pure light of reason and religion.

    I shall now bring forward in as concise a manner as possible, a few of the arguments made use of by Mr. Clarkson, in opposition to the main principle of Rusticus.

    The first argument by which it is attempted to be proved “that the Africans are an inferior link in the chain of nature,” is the supposed inferiority of their capacities ─The argument is so weak it does not deserve notice, neither would it become me. ─ the second is drawn from color and features, nay, “even the hair of their heads is brought into the account” ─My parents born in Africa, have not the white skin, the rosy cheek, the prominent nose and the black teeth of Rusticus, there are not only a distinct, but an inferior species of animal : The worthy author before me (Mr. Clarkson) says “It is an universal law, observable throughout the whole creation that if two animals of a different species propagate, their offspring is unable to continue its own species. By this admirable law, the different species are preserved distinct. Now if we apply this law to those of the human kind, who are said to be of a distinct species from each other, it immediately fails. The mulatto is as capable of continuing his species as his father ; a clear and irrefragable proof that the scripture account of the creation is true, and that “God, who hath made the world, hath made of one blood all the nations of men that dwell on all the face of the earth.” This law of nature will not suit Rusticus─ who says, “nature goes not from one species of animal abruptly to the next : There are beings who separate one sort from the other and partake in their form and habit something of both ; these I call intermediate beings” ─ Nature knows no such intermediate beings ─ the animals Rusticus enumerates (such of them as we know to exist) are distinct species of animals, and are divided by the above mentioned law.

    If mankind are from one stock they consequently had but one colour, and was that white? No─ We have every reason to believe that it was a dark olive. ─ Then is Rusticus as far from the original colour as I am. It will now be asked what has caused the various appearances of men at present─ I answer form my book “ a co-operation of certain causes, which have an effect upon the human frame, and have the power of changing it more or less from its primitive appearance, as they are more or less numerous or powerful than those, which acted upon the frame of man in the first seat of his habitation.” ─ Climate appears to have the principal share in the variety of colour─ Anatomical experiments have established it as fact, that the seat of colour is the corpus mucosum, which is found to vary with the climate throughout the world.
    I must refer my reader to Mr. Clarkson’s essay on the slavery and commerce of the human species for a statement of facts, and arguments that will remove every doubt on this subject, and convince him that out colour is no proof that we are an inferior link in the great chain of creation.

    I fear I have already made my letter too long─ I hope Mr. Fenno will correct my inaccuracy (if he thinks my attempt to vindicate those of my colour fit for the public eye) and excuse my artless arrangement of my subject. ─ I will conclude by answering the last question of Rusticus. No human law can by intermixing species overthrow the fixed order of nature─ but the American and the African are on species─ The law of nature declares it─ And I, a sheep-hairy African negro, being free and in some degree enlightened, feel myself equal to the duties of a spirited, noble, and generous American freeman.

    [Note: To read the letter of Rusticus in response to which the above was written, click here:

    https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030483/1790-02-24/ed-1/seq-4/%5D


    Africanus (March 03, 1790) Letter in the Gazette of the United States. No. XCIII, p. 372

    Original printing at:
    https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030483/1790-03-03/ed-1/seq-4/
    Genre: Epistolary
    Language : English

    July 7, 2023
    Africanus

  • An Answer to the Rebus, by the Author of These Poems

    Phillis Wheatley 1773

    THE poet asks, and Phillis can’t refuse
    To show th’ obedience of the Infant muse.
    She knows the Quail of most inviting taste
    Fed Israel‘s army in the dreary waste ;
    And what’s on Britain‘s royal standard borne,
    But the tall, graceful, rampant Unicorn ?
    The Emerald with a vivid verdure glows
    Among the gems which regal crowns compose ;
    Boston‘s a town, polite and debonair,
    To which the beaux and beauteous nymphs repair,
    Each Helen strikes the mind with sweet surprise,
    While living lightning flashes from her eyes.
    See young Euphorbus of the Dardan line
    By Menelaus‘ hand to death resign :
    The well known peer of popular applause
    Is C──m zealous to support our laws.
    Quebec now vanquish’d must obey,
    She too much annual tribute pay
    To Britain of immortal fame.
    And add new glory to her name.

    [Note: To read the Rebus in response to which the above was written, please see here: https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea/page/n129/mode/2up%5D


    Wheatley, Phillis (1773) Poems on Various Subjects, Moral and Religious. London : A. Bell p. 124.

    Original printing at:
    https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea/page/n131/mode/2up
    Genre: Poetry
    Language : English
    Meter: Iambic Pentamer

    July 6, 2023
    Wheatley Phillis

  • A Farewell to America

    To Mrs. S. W.

    Phillis Wheatley 1773

    I.
    ADIEU, New–England‘s smiling meads,
    Adieu, the flow’ry plain :
    I leave thine op’ning charms, O spring,
    And tempt the roaring main.

    II.

    In vain for me the flow’rets rise,
    And boast their gaudy pride,
    While here beneath the northern skies
    I mourn for health deny’d.

    III.

    Celestial maid of rosy hue,
    O let me feel thy reign!
    I languish till thy face I view,
    Thy vanish’d joys regain.

    IV.

    Susannah mourns, nor can I bear
    To see the crystal show’r,
    Or mark the tender falling tear
    At sad departure’s hour ;

    V.

    Not unregarding can I see
    Her soul with grief opprest :
    But let no sighs, no groans for me,
    Steal from her pensive breast.

    VI.

    In vain the feather’d warblers sing,
    In vain the garden blooms,
    And on the bosom of the spring
    Breathes out her sweet perfumes,

    VII.

    While for Britannia‘s distant shore
    We sweep the liquid plain,
    And with astonish’d eyes explore
    The wide–extended main.

    VIII.

    Lo! Health appears! celestial dame !
    Complacent and serene,
    With Hebe‘s mantle o’er her Frame,
    With soul–delighting mein.

    IX.

    To mark the vale where London lies
    With misty vapours crown’d,
    Which cloud Aurora‘s thousand dyes,
    And veil her charms around.

    X.

    Why, Phœbus, moves thy car so slow?
    So slow thy rising ray ?
    Give us the famous town to view,
    Thou glorious king of day !

    XI.

    For thee, Britannia, I resign
    New–England‘s smiling fields ;
    To view again her charms divine,
    What joy the prospect yields !

    XII.

    But thou! Temptation hence away,
    With all thy fatal train,
    Nor once seduce my soul away,
    By thine enchanting strain.

    XIII.

    Thrice happy they, whose heav’nly shield
    Secures their souls from harms,
    And fell Temptation on the field
    Of all its pow’r disarms!


    Wheatley, Phillis (1773) Poems on Various Subjects, Moral and Religious. London : A. Bell pp. 119-122.

    Original printing at:
    https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea/page/n125/mode/2up
    Genre: Poetry
    Language : English
    Meter: Iambic Pentamer

    July 6, 2023
    Wheatley Phillis

  • To His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor, on the Death of his Lady

    Phillis Wheatley 1773

    ALL–conquering Death ! by thy resistless pow’r,
    Hope’s tow’ring plumage falls to rise no more !
    Of scenes terrestrial how the glories fly,
    Forget their splendors, and submit to die !
    Who ere escap’d thee, but the saint* of old
    Beyond the flood in sacred annals told,
    And the great sage, † whom fiery courses drew
    To heav’n’s bright portals from Elisha‘s view ;
    Wond’ring he gaz’d at the refulgent car,
    Then snatch’d the mantle floating on the air.
    From Death these only could exemption boast,
    And without dying gain’d th’ immortal coast.
    Not falling millions sate the tyrant’s mind,
    Nor can the victor’s progress be confin’d.
    But cease thy strife with Death, fond Nature, cease :
    He leads the virtuous to the realms of peace ;
    His to conduct to the immortal plains,
    Where heav’n’s Supreme in bliss and glory reigns.

    There sits, illustrious Sir, thy beauteous spouse ;
    A gem-blaz’d circle beaming on her brows.
    Hail’d with acclaim among the heav’nly choirs,
    Her soul new-kindling with seraphic fires,
    To notes divine she tunes the vocal strings,
    While heav’n’s high concave with the music rings.
    Virtue‘s rewards can mortal pencil paint?
    No─all descriptive arts, and eloquence are faint ;
    Nor canst thou, Oliver, assent refuse
    To heav’nly tidings from the Afric muse.

    As soon may change thy laws, eternal fate,
    As the saint miss the glories I relate ;
    Or her Benevolence forgotten lie,
    Which wip’d the trick’ling tear from Mis’ry‘s eye.
    Whene’er the adverse winds were known to blow,
    When loss to loss* ensu’d, and woe to woe,
    Calm and serene beneath her father’s hand
    She sat resign’d to the divine command.

    No longer then, great Sir, her death deplore,
    And let us hear the mournful sigh no more,
    Restrain the sorrow streaming from thine eye,
    Be all thy future moments crown’d with joy !
    Nor let thy wishes be to earth confin’d,
    But soaring high pursue th’ unbodied mind.
    Forgive the muse, forgive th’ advent’rous lays,
    That fain thy soul to heav’nly scenes would raise.

    *Enoch †Elijah

    *Three amiable Daughters who died when just arrived to Womens Estate


    Wheatley, Phillis (1773) Poems on Various Subjects, Moral and Religious. London : A. Bell pp. 116-118.

    Original printing at:
    https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea/page/n123/mode/2up
    Genre: Poetry
    Language : English
    Meter: Iambic Pentamer

    July 6, 2023
    Wheatley Phillis

  • To S. M. a Young African Painter, on Seeing His Works

    Phillis Wheatley date unknown

    TO show the lab’ring bosom’s deep intent,
    And thought in living characters to paint,
    When first thy pencil did those beauties give,
    And breathing figures learnt from thee to live,
    How did those prospects give my soul delight,
    A new creation rushing on my sight ?
    Still, wond’rous youth ! each noble path pursue,
    On deathless glories fix thine ardent view :
    Still may the painter’s and the poet’s fire
    To aid thy pencil, and thy verse conspire !
    And may the charms of each seraphic theme
    Conduct thy footsteps to immortal fame !
    High to the blissful wonders of the skies
    Elate thy soul, and raise thy wishful eyes.
    Thrice happy, when exalted to survey
    That splendid city, crown’d with endless day,
    Whose twice six gates on radiant hinges ring :
    Celestial Salem blooms in endless spring.
    Calm and serene thy moments glide along,
    And may the muse inspire each future song !
    Still, with the sweets of contemplation bless’d,
    May peace with balmy wings your soul invest !
    But when these shades of time are chas’d away,
    And darkness ends in everlasting day,
    On what seraphic pinions shall we move,
    And view the landscapes in the realms above ?
    There shall thy tongue in heav’nly murmurs flow,
    And there my muse with heav’nly transport glow :
    No more to tell of Damon‘s tender sighs,
    Or rising radiance of Aurora‘s eyes,
    For nobler themes demand a nobler strain,
    And purer language on th’ ethereal plain.
    Cease, gentle muse! the solemn gloom of night
    Now seals the fair creation from my sight.


    Wheatley, Phillis (1773) Poems on Various Subjects, Moral and Religious. London : A. Bell pp. 114-115.

    Original printing at:
    https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea/page/n121/mode/2up
    Genre: Poetry
    Language : English
    Meter: Iambic Pentamer

    July 6, 2023
    Wheatley Phillis

  • Niobe in Distress for her Children Slain by Apollo, from Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Book VI. and from a View of the Painting of Mr. Richard Wilson.

    Phillis Wheatley date unknown

    APOLLO’S wrath to man the dreadful spring
    Of ills innum’rous, tuneful goddess, sing !
    Thou who did’st first th’ ideal pencil give,
    And taught’st the painter in his works to live,
    Inspire with glowing energy of thought,
    What Wilson painted, and what Ovid wrote.
    Muse ! lend thine aid, nor let me sue in vain,
    Tho’ last and meanest of the rhyming train !
    O guide my pen in lofty strains to show
    The Phrygian queen, all beautiful in woe.

    ‘Twas where Mæonia spreads her wide domain
    Niobe dwelt, and held her potent reign :
    See in her hand the regal sceptre shine,
    The wealthy heir of Tantalus, divine,
    He most distinguish’d by Dodonean Jove,
    To approach the tables of the gods above :
    Her grandsire Atlas, who with mighty pains
    Th’ etherial axis on his neck sustains :
    Her other grandsire on the throne on high
    Rolls the loud-pealing thunder thro’ the sky.

    Her spouse, Amphion, who from Jove too springs,
    Divinely taught to sweep the sounding strings.
    Seven sprightly sons the royal bed adorn,
    Seven daughters beauteous as the rising morn,
    As when Aurora fills the ravished sight,
    And decks the orient realms with rosy light,
    From their bright eyes the living splendors play,
    Nor can beholders bear the flashing ray.

    Wherever, Niobe, thou turn’st thine eyes,
    New beauties kindle, and new joys arise !
    But thou had’st far the happier mother prov’d,
    If this fair offspring had been less belov’d :
    What if their charms exceed Aurora‘s teint,
    No words could tell them, and no pencil paint,
    Thy love, too vehement, hastens to destroy
    Each blooming maid, and each celestial boy.

    Now Manto comes, endu’d with mighty skill,
    The past to explore, the future to reveal.
    Thro’ Thebes‘ wide streets Tiresia‘s daughter came,
    Divine Latona‘s mandate to proclaim :
    The Theban maids to hear the order ran,
    When thus Mœonia‘s prophetess began :

    ” Go, Thebans ! great Latona‘s will obey,
    ” And pious tribute at her altars pay :
    ” With rights divine, the goddess be implor’d,
    ” Nor be her sacred offspring unador’d.”
    Thus Manto spoke. The Theban maids obey,
    And pious tribute to the goddess pay.
    The rich perfumes ascend in waving spires,
    And altars blaze with consecrated fires ;
    The fair assembly moves with graceful air,
    And leaves of laurel bind the flowing hair.
    Niobe comes with all her royal race,
    With charms unnumber’d, and superior grace :
    Her Phrygian garments of delightful hue,
    Inwove with gold, refulgent to the view,
    Beyond description beautiful, she moves
    Like heav’nly Venus, ‘midst her smiles and loves :
    She views around the supplicating train,
    And shakes her graceful head with stern disdain,
    Proudly she turns around her lofty eyes,
    And thus reviles celestial deities :
    ” What madness drives the Theban ladies fair
    ” To give their incense to surrounding air ?
    ” Say why this new-sprung deity preferr’d ?
    ” Why vainly fancy your petitions heard ?
    ” Or say why Cæus‘ offspring is obey’d,
    ” While to my goddesship no tribute’s paid ?
    ” For me no altars blaze with living fires,
    ” No bullock bleeds, no frankincense transpires,
    ” Tho’ Cadmus‘ palace, not unknown to fame,
    ” And Phrygian nations all revere my name.
    ” Where’er I turn my eyes vast wealth I find.
    ” Lo here an empress with a goddess join’d.
    ” What ! shall a Titaness be deify’d,
    ” To whom the spacious earth a couch deny’d ?
    ” Nor heav’n, nor earth, nor sea receiv’d your queen,
    ” Till pitying Delos took the wand’rer in.
    ” Round me what a large progeny is spread !
    ” No frowns of fortune has my soul to dread.
    ” What if indignant she decrease my train ?
    ” More than Latona‘s number will remain ?
    ” Then hence, ye Theban dames, hence haste away,
    ” Nor longer off’rings to Latona pay ?
    ” Regard the orders of Amphion‘s spouse,
    ” And take the leaves of laurel from your brows.”
    Niobe spoke. The Theban maids obey’d,
    Their brows unbound, and left the rites unpaid.
    The angry goddess heard, then silence broke
    On Cynthus‘ summit, and indignant spoke ;
    ” Phœbus ! behold thy mother in disgrace,
    ” Who to no goddess yields the prior place
    ” Except to Juno‘s self, who reigns above,
    ” The spouse and sister of the thund’ring Jove.
    ” Niobe sprung from Tantalus inspires
    ” Each Theban bosom with rebellious fires ;
    ” No reason her imperious temper quells,
    ” But all her father in her tongue rebels ;
    ” Wrap her own sons, for her blaspheming breath,
    ” Apollo ! wrap them in the shades of death.”
    Latona ceas’d, and ardent thus replies,
    The God, whose glory decks th’ expanded skies.

    ” Cease thy complaints, mine be the task assign’d
    ” To punish pride, and scourge the rebel mind.”
    This Phœbe join’d.─They wing their instant flight;
    Thebes trembled as th’ immortal pow’rs alight.
    With clouds encompass’d glorious Phœbus stands ;
    The feather’d vengeance quiv’ring in his hands.
    Near Cadmus‘ walls a plain extended lay,
    Where Thebes‘ young princes pass’d in sport the day :
    There the bold coursers bounded o’er the plains,
    While their great masters held the golden reins.
    Ismenus first, the racing pastime led,
    And rul’d the fury of his flying steed.
    ” Ah me,” he sudden cries, with shrieking breath,
    While in his breast he feels the shaft of death ;
    He drops the bridle on his courser’s mane,
    Before his eyes in shadows swims the plain,
    He, the first-born of great Amphion‘s bed,
    Was struck the first, first mingled with the dead.

    Then didst thou, Sypylus, the language hear
    Of fate portentous whistling through the air :
    As when th’ impending storm the sailor sees
    He spreads his canvass to the fav’ring breeze,
    So to thine horse thou gav’st the golden reins,
    Gav’st him to rush impetuous o’er the plains :
    But ah ! a fatal shaft from Phœbus‘ hand
    Smites through thy neck and sinks thee on the sand.

    Two other brothers were at wrestling found,
    And in their pastime clasped each other round :
    A shaft that instant from Apollo‘s hand
    Transfixt them both, and stretched them on the sand :
    Together they their cruel fate bemoan’d,
    Together languish’d and together groan’d :
    Together, too, the unbodied spirits fled,
    And sought the gloomy mansions of the dead.

    Alphenor saw, and trembling at the view,
    Beat his torn breast, that chang’d its snowy hue.
    He flies to raise them in a kind embrace ;
    A brother’s fondness triumphs in his face :
    Alphenor fails in this fraternal deed,
    A dart despatch’d him (so the fates decreed 🙂
    Soon as the arrow left the deadly wound,
    His issuing entrails smoak’d upon the ground.

    What woes on blooming Damasichon wait !
    His sighs portend his near impending fate.
    Just where the well-made leg begins to be,
    And the soft sinews form the supple knee,
    The youth sore wounded by the Delian god
    Attempts t’ extract the crime-avenging rod,
    But, whilst he strives the will of fate t’ avert,
    Divine Apollo sends a second dart ;
    Swift thro’ his throat the feather’d mischief flies,
    Bereft of sense, he drops his head, and dies.

    Young Ilioneus, the last, directs his pray’r,
    And cries, ” My life, ye gods celestial ! spare.”
    Apollo heard, and pity touch’d his heart,
    But ah ! too late, for he had sent the dart :
    Thou, too, O Ilioneus, doom’d to fall,
    The fates refuse that arrow to recal.

    On the swift wings of ever-flying Fame,
    To Cadmus‘ palace soon the tiding came :
    Niobe heard, and with indignant eyes
    She thus expressed her anger and surprize :
    ” Why is such privilege to them allow’d ?
    ” Why thus insulted by the Delian god ?
    ” Dwells there such mischief in the pow’rs above ?
    ” Why sleeps the vengeance of immortal Jove ?”
    For now Amphion too, with grief oppress’d,
    Had plung’d the deadly dagger in his breast.
    Niobe now, less haughty than before,
    With lofty head directs her steps no more.
    She, who late told her pedigree divine,
    And drove the Thebans from Latona‘s shrine,
    How strangely chang’d!──yet beautiful in woe,
    She weeps, nor weeps unpity’d by the foe.
    On each pale corse the wretched mother spread
    Lay overwhelm’d with grief, and kissed her dead,
    Then rais’d her arms, and thus, in accents slow,
    ” Be sated, cruel Goddess, with my woe ;
    ” If I ‘ve offended, let these streaming eyes,
    ” And let this sev’nfold funeral suffice :
    ” Ah ! take this wretched life you deign’d to save,
    ” With them I too am carried to the grave.
    ” Rejoice triumphant, my victorious foe,
    ” But show the cause from whence your triumphs flow ?
    ” Tho’ I unhappy mourn these children slain,
    ” Yet greater numbers to my lot remain.”
    She ceas’d, the bow-string twang’d with awful sound,
    Which struck with terror all th’ assembly round,
    Except the queen, who stood unmoved alone,
    By her distresses more presumptuous grown.
    Near the pale corses stood their sisters fair,
    In sable vestures and dishevelled hair ;
    One, while she draws the fatal shaft away,
    Faints, falls, and sickens in the light of day.
    To soothe her mother, lo ! another flies,
    And blames the fury of the inclement skies,
    And, while her words a filial pity show,
    Struck dumb──indignant, seeks the shades below.
    Now from the fatal place another flies,
    Falls in her flight, and languishes and dies.
    Another on her sister drops in death ;
    A fifth in trembling terror yields her breath ;
    While the sixth seeks some gloomy cave in vain,
    Struck with the rest, and mingl’d with the slain.

    One only daughter lives, and she the least ;
    The queen close clasped the daughter to her breast :
    ” Ye heav’nly pow’rs, ah spare me one,” she cry’d,
    ” Ah ! spare me one,” the vocal hills reply’d :
    In vain she begs, the Fates her suit deny,
    In her embrace she sees her daughter die.

    *” The queen of all her family bereft,
    ” Without or husband, son, or daughter left,
    ” Grew stupid at the shock. The passing air
    ” Made no impression on her stiff’ning hair.
    ” The blood forsook her face : amidst the flood
    ” Poured from her cheeks, quite fix’d her eye-balls stood.
    ” Her tongue, her palate, both obdurate grew,
    ” Her curdled veins no longer motion knew :
    ” The use of neck, and arms, and feet was gone,
    ” And ev’n her bowels hard’ned into stone :
    ” A marble statue now the queen appears,
    ” But from the marble steal the silent tears.”

    *This verse to the end is the Work of another Hand.


    Wheatley, Phillis (1773) Poems on Various Subjects, Moral and Religious. London : A. Bell pp. 101-113.

    Original printing at:
    https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea/page/100/mode/2up
    Genre: Poetry
    Language : English
    Meter: Iambic Pentamer

    July 6, 2023

  • To the Honourable T. H. Esq; on the Death of his Daughter

    Phillis Wheatley date unknown

    WHILE deep you mourn beneath the cypress-shade
    The hand of Death, and your dear daughter laid
    In dust, whose absence gives your tears to flow,
    And racks your bosom with incessant woe,
    Let Recollection take a tender part,
    Assuage the raging tortures of your heart,
    Still the wild tempest of tumultuous grief,
    And pour the heav’nly nectar of relief :
    Suspend the sigh, dear Sir, and check the groan,
    Divinely bright your daughter’s Virtues shone :
    How free from scornful pride her gentle mind,
    Which ne’er its aid to indigence declin’d !
    Expanding free, it sought the means to prove
    Unfailing charity, unbounded love !

    She unreluctant flies to see no more
    Her dear-lov’d parents on earth’s dusky shore :
    Impatient heav’n’s resplendent goal to gain,
    She with swift progress cuts the azure plain,
    Where grief subsides, where changes are no more,
    And life’s tumultuous billows cease to roar ;
    She leaves her earthly mansion for the skies,
    Where new creations feast her wond’ring eyes.

    To heav’n’s high mandate cheerfully resign’d
    She mounts, and leaves the rolling globe behind ;
    She, who late wish’d that Leonard might return,
    Has ceas’d to languish, and forgot to mourn ;
    To the same high empyreal mansions come,
    She joins her spouse, and smiles upon the tomb :
    And thus I hear her from the realms above :
    ” Lo! this the kingdom of celestial love !
    ” Could ye, fond parents, see our present bliss,
    ” How soon would you each sigh, each fear dismiss ?
    ” Amidst unutter’d pleasures whilst I play
    ” In the fair sunshine of celestial day,
    ” As far as grief affects an happy soul
    ” So far doth grief my better mind controul,
    ” To see on earth my aged parents mourn,
    ” And secret wish for T──l to return :
    ” Let brighter scenes your ev’ning-hours employ :
    ” Converse with heav’n, and taste the promis’d joy.”


    Wheatley, Phillis (1773) Poems on Various Subjects, Moral and Religious. London : A. Bell pp. 98-100.

    Original printing at:
    https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea/page/98/mode/2up
    Genre: Poetry
    Language : English
    Meter: Iambic Pentamer

    July 6, 2023
    Wheatley Phillis

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